Urinary tract symptoms or recurrent UTIs
Identify symptoms (urgency, dysuria, frequency, cloudy or bloody urine, suprapubic pain, fever/flank pain); differentiate cystitis vs pyelonephritis; evaluate risk factors
Antibiotics (nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim‑sulfamethoxazole, fosfomycin, fluoroquinolones for complicated cases); phenazopyridine for dysuria; prophylactic antibiotics for recurrent UTIs
Urinalysis, urine culture, pregnancy test, CBC if systemic infection
Renal/bladder ultrasound or CT for recurrent or complicated infections; cystoscopy if structural abnormality suspected
Fever, flank pain, hematuria, inability to urinate, persistent dysuria, sepsis symptoms, recurrent infections
Follow up if symptoms persist after treatment or recur; test of cure for pregnant women or complicated infections
Stay hydrated, urinate after intercourse, avoid spermicides, wipe front to back, probiotics or cranberry products, prophylactic antibiotics after intercourse
Refer to urologist or urogynecologist for recurrent or complicated UTIs; pelvic floor therapy; imaging studies