Lower Extremities
Hip Osteoarthritis
Degenerative wear-and-tear of the hip joint cartilage causing pain, stiffness and reduced range of motion, typically affecting older adults and those with risk factors like obesity or prior injury.
Hip pain and stiffness with weight bearing; decreased internal rotation on exam; radiographic joint‘space narrowing.
Lifestyle modification, weight loss, physical therapy, NSAIDs, heat/ice and assistive devices.
Hip pain and stiffness with weight bearing; decreased internal rotation on exam; radiographic joint‘space narrowing.
Trochanteric Bursitis
Inflammation of the bursa over the greater trochanter causing lateral hip, thigh and buttock pain, often worsened by lying on the affected side or climbing stairs.
Tenderness over greater trochanter; pain when lying on the affected side; pain with hip abduction.
Rest, activity modification, NSAIDs, use of cane or crutches, physical therapy and corticosteroid injections.
Tenderness over greater trochanter; pain when lying on the affected side; pain with hip abduction.
Hip Labral Tear
A tear of the hip's labrum causing hip pain, stiffness, clicking or popping and instability; often associated with femoroacetabular impingement or trauma.
Clicking/catching with hip movement; positive FADIR or FABER impingement tests; decreased range of motion.
NSAIDs, activity modification, physical therapy to strengthen hip muscles, corticosteroid injections.
Clicking/catching with hip movement; positive FADIR or FABER impingement tests; decreased range of motion.
Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI)
A condition where abnormal bone shape causes the hip bones to rub together, leading to pain, stiffness and limping; may progress to labral tears and cartilage damage.
Pain with hip flexion and internal rotation; positive FADIR test; limited hip range of motion.
Activity modification, NSAIDs, corticosteroid injections, physical therapy and hip‘strengthening exercises.
Pain with hip flexion and internal rotation; positive FADIR test; limited hip range of motion.
Hip Flexor Strain
Tear or overstretching of the hip flexor muscles resulting in pain at the front of the hip, tightness, bruising and difficulty walking.
Pain with active hip flexion and stretching; tenderness over hip flexor; muscle weakness or spasms.
RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation), NSAIDs, gentle stretching and progressive strengthening with physical therapy.
Pain with active hip flexion and stretching; tenderness over hip flexor; muscle weakness or spasms.
Avascular Necrosis of the Hip
Bone death due to loss of blood supply to the femoral head, leading to hip pain, stiffness and eventual joint collapse; associated with trauma, steroid use and alcoholism.
Progressive hip pain, limited range of motion, imaging showing femoral head collapse.
Early stages: rest, walking aids, NSAIDs, physical therapy and treating underlying cause.
Progressive hip pain, limited range of motion, imaging showing femoral head collapse.
Knee Osteoarthritis
Degenerative loss of knee cartilage leading to pain, swelling, stiffness and instability; risk factors include age, obesity, prior injury and repetitive stress.
Crepitus on movement; reduced range of motion; joint‘space narrowing on X-ray.
Weight management, activity modification, physical therapy, NSAIDs, bracing and injections.
Crepitus on movement; reduced range of motion; joint‘space narrowing on X-ray.
ACL Tear
A rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament often due to sports injury, causing a popping sound, swelling, pain and knee instability.
Positive Lachman and pivot shift tests; rapid joint effusion; inability to continue activity.
RICE, knee bracing, NSAIDs and physical therapy to restore range of motion; long-term bracing for non-athletes.
Positive Lachman and pivot shift tests; rapid joint effusion; inability to continue activity.
Patellar Tendinitis
Inflammation of the patellar tendon from repetitive stress, causing pain below the kneecap, tenderness and stiffness.
Tenderness at the inferior pole of the patella; pain with jumping or squatting; positive decline squat test.
Rest, ice, elevation, NSAIDs, knee brace/strap and gradual strengthening of quadriceps and hamstrings.
Tenderness at the inferior pole of the patella; pain with jumping or squatting; positive decline squat test.
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Anterior knee pain around the kneecap due to malalignment, overuse, weak muscles or tight hamstrings; symptoms include pain during activity, pain after prolonged sitting and grinding sensation.
Pain with patellar compression or squatting; positive Clarke's test; maltracking of the patella.
Rest from aggravating activity, strengthening of quadriceps and hip abductors, stretching of hamstrings and calves, use of orthotics or taping.
Pain with patellar compression or squatting; positive Clarke's test; maltracking of the patella.
MCL/LCL Sprain
Sprain of the knee's medial or lateral collateral ligaments caused by a force pushing the knee sideways; symptoms include pain, swelling and instability; injuries are graded I-III.
Pain along the inner or outer knee; laxity on valgus or varus stress tests; swelling and bruising.
RICE, bracing to limit sideways stress, NSAIDs and physical therapy; grade I/II injuries heal without surgery.
Pain along the inner or outer knee; laxity on valgus or varus stress tests; swelling and bruising.
Ankle Sprain
Injury to the ankle ligaments, usually on the lateral side, caused by twisting the foot; symptoms include pain, swelling, tenderness and difficulty walking.
Swelling and bruising around the ankle; pain with inversion or eversion; positive anterior drawer test.
Protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation (PRICE), NSAIDs and early mobilization with physical therapy.
Swelling and bruising around the ankle; pain with inversion or eversion; positive anterior drawer test.
Achilles Tendinitis
Overuse injury causing inflammation and degeneration of the Achilles tendon, resulting in heel and ankle pain, stiffness, swelling and weakness.
Tenderness along the Achilles tendon; pain with dorsiflexion and plantarflexion; thickened tendon.
Rest, ice, NSAIDs, calf stretching and eccentric strengthening exercises, supportive shoes or orthotics.
Tenderness along the Achilles tendon; pain with dorsiflexion and plantarflexion; thickened tendon.
Shin Splints
Inflammation of muscles and tissues along the shin bone from overuse, causing pain and tenderness along the inner lower leg with possible mild swelling.
Pain along the tibia during running or jumping; tenderness to touch; history of increased activity.
Rest, ice, NSAIDs, reducing training intensity, proper footwear, orthotics, calf stretching and gradual return to activity.
Pain along the tibia during running or jumping; tenderness to touch; history of increased activity.
Posterior Tibial Tendonitis & Dysfunction
Inflammation and degeneration of the posterior tibial tendon that supports the foot arch; early symptoms include pain and swelling along the inside of the foot and ankle and later lead to a flattened arch.
Pain on the inside of the foot/ankle; swelling; flattening of the arch; inability to perform single‑leg heel raise.
Rest, immobilization with brace or cast, orthotics, NSAIDs, physical therapy and weight management.
Pain on the inside of the foot/ankle; swelling; flattening of the arch; inability to perform single‑leg heel raise.
Stress Fracture (Leg/Foot)
Small cracks in the bones of the lower leg or foot caused by repetitive stress; symptoms include focal pain, tenderness and swelling that worsen with activity.
Point tenderness over the bone; pain worsening with activity; imaging (MRI/bone scan) confirming fracture.
Rest from weight‑bearing activities, protective footwear or boot, low‑impact cross‑training, adequate nutrition and physical therapy.
Point tenderness over the bone; pain worsening with activity; imaging (MRI/bone scan) confirming fracture.
Plantar Fasciitis
Inflammation of the plantar fascia, causing heel pain often worst with the first steps in the morning; may take months to a year to heal due to limited blood supply.
Heel pain with first steps in the morning or after sitting; tenderness at medial calcaneal tubercle; positive Windlass test.
Rest, stretching of the plantar fascia and calf muscles, icing, supportive footwear and orthotics, night splints and gradual return to activity.
Heel pain with first steps in the morning or after sitting; tenderness at medial calcaneal tubercle; positive Windlass test.
Plantar Plate Tear / Metatarsalgia
Tear or attenuation of the plantar plate at the ball of the foot causing metatarsalgia; symptoms include forefoot pain, swelling and the sensation of walking on a pebble; healing often takes several months.
Pain at the second metatarsophalangeal joint; dorsal swelling; positive toe drawer test for instability.
Taping or splinting the toe, stiff‑soled shoes, orthotics with metatarsal pads, rest, ice, NSAIDs and physical therapy.
Pain at the second metatarsophalangeal joint; dorsal swelling; positive toe drawer test for instability.
Hallux Limitus / Rigidus
Progressive stiffness and pain in the big toe joint due to osteoarthritis; symptoms include difficulty bending the toe, swelling and bone spurs; advanced cases are called hallux rigidus.
Limited dorsiflexion of the big toe; palpable dorsal bone spurs; pain with dorsiflexion.
Proper fitting shoes with wide toe box and rigid sole, rest, ice, orthotics, physical therapy, NSAIDs and corticosteroid injections.
Limited dorsiflexion of the big toe; palpable dorsal bone spurs; pain with dorsiflexion.
Meniscus Tear
A meniscus tear is a tear of the C-shaped cartilage between the femur and tibia. It causes knee pain, swelling, and a feeling that the knee locks or gives way, often after a twisting injury or degenerative wear. Meniscus tears are common in athletes and older adults.
Knee pain with twisting or squatting; catching or locking sensation; tenderness along the joint line; positive McMurray test.
Follow the RICE protocol (rest, ice for 15–20 min every few hours, compression with a bandage or knee sleeve, elevation); take NSAIDs for pain and swelling; use a knee brace or sleeve for support; work with a physical therapist to restore range of motion and strengthen the quadriceps and hamstrings; avoid impact activities and twisting motions; consider platelet-rich plasma injections or cortisone if symptoms persist.
Knee pain with twisting or squatting; catching or locking sensation; tenderness along the joint line; positive McMurray test.
Achilles Tendon Rupture
An Achilles tendon rupture is a complete tear of the large tendon connecting the calf muscles to the heel bone. It often occurs during sudden, forceful movements, such as sprinting or jumping, and causes sudden pain and swelling at the back of the ankle. Many people hear a pop and feel like they were kicked in the leg and have difficulty pushing off or pointing the foot downward
Sudden posterior ankle pain and swelling, audible pop, inability to plantarflex/push off or stand on tiptoe, positive Thompson test (no foot movement when calf is squeezed)
Initial management follows the RICE protocol-rest, ice, compression and elevation-”followed by immobilization in a cast or walking boot with the foot pointed downward for 8-10 weeks. Physical therapy is essential and typically lasts 4-6 months, focusing on progressive weight-bearing, strengthening and range-of-motion exercises. Nonoperative care is reserved for less active individuals when the rupture is recognized early.
Sudden posterior ankle pain and swelling, audible pop, inability to plantarflex/push off or stand on tiptoe, positive Thompson test (no foot movement when calf is squeezed)
Peroneal Tendinitis
Peroneal tendinitis is inflammation of the peroneal tendons that run along the outer ankle and foot. It causes pain and swelling on the outside of the ankle, tenderness behind the fibula, and a warm, thickened tendon. The condition usually results from overuse or repetitive ankle motions and is common in runners, people with high arches, or those wearing unsupportive shoes.
Lateral ankle pain and swelling; Tenderness behind the fibula aggravated by resisted eversion and dorsiflexion; Pain during sid-to-side ankle movements
Rest and protect the ankle by avoiding activities that trigger pain. Use the RICE protocol-rest, ice applied for 20 minutes every 2 hours, compression with a wrap or brace, and elevation to reduce swelling. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs relieve pain. A walking boot or ankle brace may be used for immobilization followed by physical therapy to strengthen the peroneal and calf muscles and correct biomechanics. Supportive shoes, orthotics, and gradual return to activity are recommended.
Lateral ankle pain and swelling; Tenderness behind the fibula aggravated by resisted eversion and dorsiflexion; Pain during sid-to-side ankle movements
Bunion (Hallux Valgus)
A bunion is a bony bump that forms at the base of the big toe when the toe deviates toward the other toes. This deformity gradually widens the front of the foot and can cause pain, redness, swelling and calluses, especially when wearing tight shoes. Risk factors include inherited foot structure, weak tendons and ligaments, rheumatoid arthritis and wearing narrow, high-heeled shoes
Visible bump at the base of the big toe; Big toe angled toward the second toe; Pain and swelling at the metatarsophalangeal joint exacerbated by narrow shoes; Limited motion of the big toe
Wear flat, well fitting shoes with a wide toe box and avoid high heels. Use bunion pads, toe spacers or splints at night to reduce pressure and slow progression apply NSAID gels or take short courses of anti-inflammatory tablets for pain relief Custom orthotics or shoe inserts can redistribute pressure and walking barefoot on soft surfaces may improve comfort. Seek physical therapy for gait training.
Visible bump at the base of the big toe; Big toe angled toward the second toe; Pain and swelling at the metatarsophalangeal joint exacerbated by narrow shoes; Limited motion of the big toe
Morton's Neuroma
Morton's neuroma is a thickening of the tissue around a digital nerve between the toes, most commonly between the third and fourth metatarsals. It causes burning or sharp pain in the ball of the foot that may radiate into the toes, often described as feeling like walking on a pebble. High-heeled or tight, narrow shoes and repetitive stress can aggravate the condition
Persistent burning or sharp pain in the ball of the foot radiating to the toes; Sensation of a pebble or marble under the foot while walking; Numbness or tingling in the toes that worsens with weightbearing or tight footwear
Change footwear to wide, low‑heeled shoes with cushioned soles and avoid high heels. Use custom orthoses or metatarsal pads to separate the metatarsals and reduce pressure on the nervehttps://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/mortons-neuroma#:~:text=,the%20pressure%20on%20the%20neuroma. NSAIDs or other anti‑inflammatory medications can relieve painhttps://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/mortons-neuroma#:~:text=Studies%20have%20shown%20that%20many,and%2For%20corticosteroid%20injections. Corticosteroid injections may reduce swelling and inflammation of the nervehttps://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/mortons-neuroma#:~:text=,from%20sending%20out%20pain%20signals; nerve ablation or shockwave therapy can be considered. Activity modification and physical therapy to stretch and strengthen the foot can also help.
Persistent burning or sharp pain in the ball of the foot radiating to the toes; Sensation of a pebble or marble under the foot while walking; Numbness or tingling in the toes that worsens with weightbearing or tight footwear
Hip Osteoarthritis
Degenerative wear-and-tear of the hip joint cartilage causing pain, stiffness and reduced range of motion, typically affecting older adults and those with risk factors like obesity or prior injury.
Hip pain and stiffness with weight bearing; decreased internal rotation on exam; radiographic joint‘space narrowing.
Lifestyle modification, weight loss, physical therapy, NSAIDs, heat/ice and assistive devices.
Hip pain and stiffness with weight bearing; decreased internal rotation on exam; radiographic joint‘space narrowing.
Trochanteric Bursitis
Inflammation of the bursa over the greater trochanter causing lateral hip, thigh and buttock pain, often worsened by lying on the affected side or climbing stairs.
Tenderness over greater trochanter; pain when lying on the affected side; pain with hip abduction.
Rest, activity modification, NSAIDs, use of cane or crutches, physical therapy and corticosteroid injections.
Tenderness over greater trochanter; pain when lying on the affected side; pain with hip abduction.
Hip Labral Tear
A tear of the hip's labrum causing hip pain, stiffness, clicking or popping and instability; often associated with femoroacetabular impingement or trauma.
Clicking/catching with hip movement; positive FADIR or FABER impingement tests; decreased range of motion.
NSAIDs, activity modification, physical therapy to strengthen hip muscles, corticosteroid injections.
Clicking/catching with hip movement; positive FADIR or FABER impingement tests; decreased range of motion.
Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI)
A condition where abnormal bone shape causes the hip bones to rub together, leading to pain, stiffness and limping; may progress to labral tears and cartilage damage.
Pain with hip flexion and internal rotation; positive FADIR test; limited hip range of motion.
Activity modification, NSAIDs, corticosteroid injections, physical therapy and hip‘strengthening exercises.
Pain with hip flexion and internal rotation; positive FADIR test; limited hip range of motion.
Hip Flexor Strain
Tear or overstretching of the hip flexor muscles resulting in pain at the front of the hip, tightness, bruising and difficulty walking.
Pain with active hip flexion and stretching; tenderness over hip flexor; muscle weakness or spasms.
RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation), NSAIDs, gentle stretching and progressive strengthening with physical therapy.
Pain with active hip flexion and stretching; tenderness over hip flexor; muscle weakness or spasms.
Avascular Necrosis of the Hip
Bone death due to loss of blood supply to the femoral head, leading to hip pain, stiffness and eventual joint collapse; associated with trauma, steroid use and alcoholism.
Progressive hip pain, limited range of motion, imaging showing femoral head collapse.
Early stages: rest, walking aids, NSAIDs, physical therapy and treating underlying cause.
Progressive hip pain, limited range of motion, imaging showing femoral head collapse.
Knee Osteoarthritis
Degenerative loss of knee cartilage leading to pain, swelling, stiffness and instability; risk factors include age, obesity, prior injury and repetitive stress.
Crepitus on movement; reduced range of motion; joint‘space narrowing on X-ray.
Weight management, activity modification, physical therapy, NSAIDs, bracing and injections.
Crepitus on movement; reduced range of motion; joint‘space narrowing on X-ray.
ACL Tear
A rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament often due to sports injury, causing a popping sound, swelling, pain and knee instability.
Positive Lachman and pivot shift tests; rapid joint effusion; inability to continue activity.
RICE, knee bracing, NSAIDs and physical therapy to restore range of motion; long-term bracing for non-athletes.
Positive Lachman and pivot shift tests; rapid joint effusion; inability to continue activity.
Patellar Tendinitis
Inflammation of the patellar tendon from repetitive stress, causing pain below the kneecap, tenderness and stiffness.
Tenderness at the inferior pole of the patella; pain with jumping or squatting; positive decline squat test.
Rest, ice, elevation, NSAIDs, knee brace/strap and gradual strengthening of quadriceps and hamstrings.
Tenderness at the inferior pole of the patella; pain with jumping or squatting; positive decline squat test.
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Anterior knee pain around the kneecap due to malalignment, overuse, weak muscles or tight hamstrings; symptoms include pain during activity, pain after prolonged sitting and grinding sensation.
Pain with patellar compression or squatting; positive Clarke's test; maltracking of the patella.
Rest from aggravating activity, strengthening of quadriceps and hip abductors, stretching of hamstrings and calves, use of orthotics or taping.
Pain with patellar compression or squatting; positive Clarke's test; maltracking of the patella.
MCL/LCL Sprain
Sprain of the knee's medial or lateral collateral ligaments caused by a force pushing the knee sideways; symptoms include pain, swelling and instability; injuries are graded I-III.
Pain along the inner or outer knee; laxity on valgus or varus stress tests; swelling and bruising.
RICE, bracing to limit sideways stress, NSAIDs and physical therapy; grade I/II injuries heal without surgery.
Pain along the inner or outer knee; laxity on valgus or varus stress tests; swelling and bruising.
Ankle Sprain
Injury to the ankle ligaments, usually on the lateral side, caused by twisting the foot; symptoms include pain, swelling, tenderness and difficulty walking.
Swelling and bruising around the ankle; pain with inversion or eversion; positive anterior drawer test.
Protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation (PRICE), NSAIDs and early mobilization with physical therapy.
Swelling and bruising around the ankle; pain with inversion or eversion; positive anterior drawer test.
Achilles Tendinitis
Overuse injury causing inflammation and degeneration of the Achilles tendon, resulting in heel and ankle pain, stiffness, swelling and weakness.
Tenderness along the Achilles tendon; pain with dorsiflexion and plantarflexion; thickened tendon.
Rest, ice, NSAIDs, calf stretching and eccentric strengthening exercises, supportive shoes or orthotics.
Tenderness along the Achilles tendon; pain with dorsiflexion and plantarflexion; thickened tendon.
Shin Splints
Inflammation of muscles and tissues along the shin bone from overuse, causing pain and tenderness along the inner lower leg with possible mild swelling.
Pain along the tibia during running or jumping; tenderness to touch; history of increased activity.
Rest, ice, NSAIDs, reducing training intensity, proper footwear, orthotics, calf stretching and gradual return to activity.
Pain along the tibia during running or jumping; tenderness to touch; history of increased activity.
Posterior Tibial Tendonitis & Dysfunction
Inflammation and degeneration of the posterior tibial tendon that supports the foot arch; early symptoms include pain and swelling along the inside of the foot and ankle and later lead to a flattened arch.
Pain on the inside of the foot/ankle; swelling; flattening of the arch; inability to perform single‑leg heel raise.
Rest, immobilization with brace or cast, orthotics, NSAIDs, physical therapy and weight management.
Pain on the inside of the foot/ankle; swelling; flattening of the arch; inability to perform single‑leg heel raise.
Stress Fracture (Leg/Foot)
Small cracks in the bones of the lower leg or foot caused by repetitive stress; symptoms include focal pain, tenderness and swelling that worsen with activity.
Point tenderness over the bone; pain worsening with activity; imaging (MRI/bone scan) confirming fracture.
Rest from weight‑bearing activities, protective footwear or boot, low‑impact cross‑training, adequate nutrition and physical therapy.
Point tenderness over the bone; pain worsening with activity; imaging (MRI/bone scan) confirming fracture.
Plantar Fasciitis
Inflammation of the plantar fascia, causing heel pain often worst with the first steps in the morning; may take months to a year to heal due to limited blood supply.
Heel pain with first steps in the morning or after sitting; tenderness at medial calcaneal tubercle; positive Windlass test.
Rest, stretching of the plantar fascia and calf muscles, icing, supportive footwear and orthotics, night splints and gradual return to activity.
Heel pain with first steps in the morning or after sitting; tenderness at medial calcaneal tubercle; positive Windlass test.
Plantar Plate Tear / Metatarsalgia
Tear or attenuation of the plantar plate at the ball of the foot causing metatarsalgia; symptoms include forefoot pain, swelling and the sensation of walking on a pebble; healing often takes several months.
Pain at the second metatarsophalangeal joint; dorsal swelling; positive toe drawer test for instability.
Taping or splinting the toe, stiff‑soled shoes, orthotics with metatarsal pads, rest, ice, NSAIDs and physical therapy.
Pain at the second metatarsophalangeal joint; dorsal swelling; positive toe drawer test for instability.
Hallux Limitus / Rigidus
Progressive stiffness and pain in the big toe joint due to osteoarthritis; symptoms include difficulty bending the toe, swelling and bone spurs; advanced cases are called hallux rigidus.
Limited dorsiflexion of the big toe; palpable dorsal bone spurs; pain with dorsiflexion.
Proper fitting shoes with wide toe box and rigid sole, rest, ice, orthotics, physical therapy, NSAIDs and corticosteroid injections.
Limited dorsiflexion of the big toe; palpable dorsal bone spurs; pain with dorsiflexion.
Meniscus Tear
A meniscus tear is a tear of the C-shaped cartilage between the femur and tibia. It causes knee pain, swelling, and a feeling that the knee locks or gives way, often after a twisting injury or degenerative wear. Meniscus tears are common in athletes and older adults.
Knee pain with twisting or squatting; catching or locking sensation; tenderness along the joint line; positive McMurray test.
Follow the RICE protocol (rest, ice for 15–20 min every few hours, compression with a bandage or knee sleeve, elevation); take NSAIDs for pain and swelling; use a knee brace or sleeve for support; work with a physical therapist to restore range of motion and strengthen the quadriceps and hamstrings; avoid impact activities and twisting motions; consider platelet-rich plasma injections or cortisone if symptoms persist.
Knee pain with twisting or squatting; catching or locking sensation; tenderness along the joint line; positive McMurray test.
Achilles Tendon Rupture
An Achilles tendon rupture is a complete tear of the large tendon connecting the calf muscles to the heel bone. It often occurs during sudden, forceful movements, such as sprinting or jumping, and causes sudden pain and swelling at the back of the ankle. Many people hear a pop and feel like they were kicked in the leg and have difficulty pushing off or pointing the foot downward
Sudden posterior ankle pain and swelling, audible pop, inability to plantarflex/push off or stand on tiptoe, positive Thompson test (no foot movement when calf is squeezed)
Initial management follows the RICE protocol-rest, ice, compression and elevation-”followed by immobilization in a cast or walking boot with the foot pointed downward for 8-10 weeks. Physical therapy is essential and typically lasts 4-6 months, focusing on progressive weight-bearing, strengthening and range-of-motion exercises. Nonoperative care is reserved for less active individuals when the rupture is recognized early.
Sudden posterior ankle pain and swelling, audible pop, inability to plantarflex/push off or stand on tiptoe, positive Thompson test (no foot movement when calf is squeezed)
Peroneal Tendinitis
Peroneal tendinitis is inflammation of the peroneal tendons that run along the outer ankle and foot. It causes pain and swelling on the outside of the ankle, tenderness behind the fibula, and a warm, thickened tendon. The condition usually results from overuse or repetitive ankle motions and is common in runners, people with high arches, or those wearing unsupportive shoes.
Lateral ankle pain and swelling; Tenderness behind the fibula aggravated by resisted eversion and dorsiflexion; Pain during sid-to-side ankle movements
Rest and protect the ankle by avoiding activities that trigger pain. Use the RICE protocol-rest, ice applied for 20 minutes every 2 hours, compression with a wrap or brace, and elevation to reduce swelling. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs relieve pain. A walking boot or ankle brace may be used for immobilization followed by physical therapy to strengthen the peroneal and calf muscles and correct biomechanics. Supportive shoes, orthotics, and gradual return to activity are recommended.
Lateral ankle pain and swelling; Tenderness behind the fibula aggravated by resisted eversion and dorsiflexion; Pain during sid-to-side ankle movements
Bunion (Hallux Valgus)
A bunion is a bony bump that forms at the base of the big toe when the toe deviates toward the other toes. This deformity gradually widens the front of the foot and can cause pain, redness, swelling and calluses, especially when wearing tight shoes. Risk factors include inherited foot structure, weak tendons and ligaments, rheumatoid arthritis and wearing narrow, high-heeled shoes
Visible bump at the base of the big toe; Big toe angled toward the second toe; Pain and swelling at the metatarsophalangeal joint exacerbated by narrow shoes; Limited motion of the big toe
Wear flat, well fitting shoes with a wide toe box and avoid high heels. Use bunion pads, toe spacers or splints at night to reduce pressure and slow progression apply NSAID gels or take short courses of anti-inflammatory tablets for pain relief Custom orthotics or shoe inserts can redistribute pressure and walking barefoot on soft surfaces may improve comfort. Seek physical therapy for gait training.
Visible bump at the base of the big toe; Big toe angled toward the second toe; Pain and swelling at the metatarsophalangeal joint exacerbated by narrow shoes; Limited motion of the big toe
Morton's Neuroma
Morton's neuroma is a thickening of the tissue around a digital nerve between the toes, most commonly between the third and fourth metatarsals. It causes burning or sharp pain in the ball of the foot that may radiate into the toes, often described as feeling like walking on a pebble. High-heeled or tight, narrow shoes and repetitive stress can aggravate the condition
Persistent burning or sharp pain in the ball of the foot radiating to the toes; Sensation of a pebble or marble under the foot while walking; Numbness or tingling in the toes that worsens with weightbearing or tight footwear
Change footwear to wide, low‑heeled shoes with cushioned soles and avoid high heels. Use custom orthoses or metatarsal pads to separate the metatarsals and reduce pressure on the nervehttps://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/mortons-neuroma#:~:text=,the%20pressure%20on%20the%20neuroma. NSAIDs or other anti‑inflammatory medications can relieve painhttps://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/mortons-neuroma#:~:text=Studies%20have%20shown%20that%20many,and%2For%20corticosteroid%20injections. Corticosteroid injections may reduce swelling and inflammation of the nervehttps://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/mortons-neuroma#:~:text=,from%20sending%20out%20pain%20signals; nerve ablation or shockwave therapy can be considered. Activity modification and physical therapy to stretch and strengthen the foot can also help.
Persistent burning or sharp pain in the ball of the foot radiating to the toes; Sensation of a pebble or marble under the foot while walking; Numbness or tingling in the toes that worsens with weightbearing or tight footwear
Pelvis and Hip Joint
Arthritis
Arthritis in the shoulder joint can result from various causes, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or post-traumatic arthritis. Symptoms typically include shoulder pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced range of motion.
Bursitis
Biceps tendonitis involves inflammation of the long head of the biceps tendon, which runs from the shoulder to the elbow. Symptoms include shoulder pain, particularly in the front of the shoulder, and may worsen with overhead activities or lifting.
Fracture
Frozen shoulder is characterized by stiffness and pain in the shoulder joint, often resulting from inflammation and tightening of the shoulder capsule. Symptoms typically progress slowly and may worsen over time, leading to significant limitations in shoulder mobility.
Hip Replacement
The labrum is a ring of cartilage that surrounds the socket of the shoulder joint, providing stability and cushioning. Tears in the labrum can occur due to trauma, overuse, or repetitive shoulder movements. Symptoms may include shoulder pain, clicking or popping sensations, and feelings of instability.
Labral Tear
This condition involves excessive movement or looseness of the shoulder joint, which can result in frequent dislocations or subluxations (partial dislocations). Symptoms may include a sensation of the shoulder "slipping out of place," pain, weakness, and decreased range of motion.
Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction
This condition occurs when the rotator cuff tendons become pinched or compressed between the bones in the shoulder. Symptoms often include shoulder pain, particularly with overhead movements, and may worsen with repetitive activities.
Tendonitis
Tendonitis, or tendinitis, involves inflammation or irritation of a tendon, typically due to overuse or repetitive motion
Femur (Thigh Region) and Knee Joint
Knee Arthritis
Arthritis in the shoulder joint can result from various causes, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or post-traumatic arthritis. Symptoms typically include shoulder pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced range of motion.
Thigh Strain
Biceps tendonitis involves inflammation of the long head of the biceps tendon, which runs from the shoulder to the elbow. Symptoms include shoulder pain, particularly in the front of the shoulder, and may worsen with overhead activities or lifting.
Knee Bursitis
Frozen shoulder is characterized by stiffness and pain in the shoulder joint, often resulting from inflammation and tightening of the shoulder capsule. Symptoms typically progress slowly and may worsen over time, leading to significant limitations in shoulder mobility.
Thigh Muscle Strain
The labrum is a ring of cartilage that surrounds the socket of the shoulder joint, providing stability and cushioning. Tears in the labrum can occur due to trauma, overuse, or repetitive shoulder movements. Symptoms may include shoulder pain, clicking or popping sensations, and feelings of instability.
Patellar Tendinitis
This condition involves excessive movement or looseness of the shoulder joint, which can result in frequent dislocations or subluxations (partial dislocations). Symptoms may include a sensation of the shoulder "slipping out of place," pain, weakness, and decreased range of motion.
Meniscus Tear
This condition occurs when the rotator cuff tendons become pinched or compressed between the bones in the shoulder. Symptoms often include shoulder pain, particularly with overhead movements, and may worsen with repetitive activities.
Leg (Tibia and fibula) and Ankle Joint
Ankle fracture
Arthritis in the shoulder joint can result from various causes, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or post-traumatic arthritis. Symptoms typically include shoulder pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced range of motion.
Ankle Sprain
Biceps tendonitis involves inflammation of the long head of the biceps tendon, which runs from the shoulder to the elbow. Symptoms include shoulder pain, particularly in the front of the shoulder, and may worsen with overhead activities or lifting.
Achilles Tendonitis
Frozen shoulder is characterized by stiffness and pain in the shoulder joint, often resulting from inflammation and tightening of the shoulder capsule. Symptoms typically progress slowly and may worsen over time, leading to significant limitations in shoulder mobility.
Calf Strain
The labrum is a ring of cartilage that surrounds the socket of the shoulder joint, providing stability and cushioning. Tears in the labrum can occur due to trauma, overuse, or repetitive shoulder movements. Symptoms may include shoulder pain, clicking or popping sensations, and feelings of instability.
Foot and Toes
Plantar Fasciitis
Arthritis in the shoulder joint can result from various causes, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or post-traumatic arthritis. Symptoms typically include shoulder pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced range of motion.
Ingrown Toenail
Biceps tendonitis involves inflammation of the long head of the biceps tendon, which runs from the shoulder to the elbow. Symptoms include shoulder pain, particularly in the front of the shoulder, and may worsen with overhead activities or lifting.
Bunions
Frozen shoulder is characterized by stiffness and pain in the shoulder joint, often resulting from inflammation and tightening of the shoulder capsule. Symptoms typically progress slowly and may worsen over time, leading to significant limitations in shoulder mobility.
Hammer Toe
The labrum is a ring of cartilage that surrounds the socket of the shoulder joint, providing stability and cushioning. Tears in the labrum can occur due to trauma, overuse, or repetitive shoulder movements. Symptoms may include shoulder pain, clicking or popping sensations, and feelings of instability.
Morton's Neuroma
This condition involves excessive movement or looseness of the shoulder joint, which can result in frequent dislocations or subluxations (partial dislocations). Symptoms may include a sensation of the shoulder "slipping out of place," pain, weakness, and decreased range of motion.
Athlete's Foot
This condition occurs when the rotator cuff tendons become pinched or compressed between the bones in the shoulder. Symptoms often include shoulder pain, particularly with overhead movements, and may worsen with repetitive activities.
Foot Cramps
This is a common shoulder injury involving damage to the muscles and tendons that stabilize the shoulder joint. Symptoms include shoulder pain, weakness, limited range of motion, and difficulty with overhead activities.
Toe Numbness
Tendonitis, or tendinitis, involves inflammation or irritation of a tendon, typically due to overuse or repetitive motion
Foot Swelling
Tendonitis, or tendinitis, involves inflammation or irritation of a tendon, typically due to overuse or repetitive motion